Self-assembling peptides are a 100% chemically synthesized material. These hydrogel systems are well characterized and have already been employed in a variety of tissue engineering studies, and drug delivery systems. The nanofibers form interwoven matrices that further form a hydrogel scaffold. The complete sequence of a self-assembling peptide was originally found in a region of alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues in zuotin, which is characterized by a stable b-sheet structure that undergoes self-assembly into nanofibers. These peptides are administered in a hydrogel form and have advantages of injectability, filling space between grafted bones, and excellent biocompatibility. Self-assembling peptides may be candidate materials to solve these problems. However, these materials are solids and cannot penetrate between chip bones. There have been numerous reports on bone tissue engineering using β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), a bioactive ceramic material with good properties of resorption, osteoconductivity, cellular adhesion, mechanical strength, and compatibility with host bone tissue and hydroxyapatite (HA), a calcium phosphate crystal that constitutes the inorganic component of native bone and exhibits good osteoinduction and biocompatibility. The aims of using tissue engineering are to achieve the morphology and structure of the scaffold to increase adhesion of osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells, promote differentiation and migration, and allow synthesis of homogenous bone matrix without necrosis. Therefore, tissue engineering products have emerged as an alternative approach to regenerate bone. Although allograft bone may be obtained in greater quantities, the problems of complex processing, low biocompatibility and the risk of disease transfer also hinder its applications. Allogeneic bone is another possible source of the materials. However, autograft bone is often limited in supply and its use has been found to be associated with donor site morbidity. Usually, autografts with augmentation of metal devices have been performed because of their superior osteoinductivity and osteoconductivity. Spinal fusion and bone defect after injuries, removal of bone tumors, and infections need to repair by implantation. These include its favorable bone conduction properties its ability to act as a support for various different cells and growth factors, its lack of infection risk compared with materials of animal origin such as ECM, and the ease with which it can be used to fill defects with complex shapes and combined with a wide range of other materials. SPG-178 has potential in clinical applications because it has several benefits. Newly formed bone matrix was revealed inside the PEEK cage and there was an increased bone volume per total volume with the cage filled with SPG-178, compared to the control group.
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The PEEK cages were filled with either a SPG-178 hydrogel plus allogeneic bone chips (n = 4) or only allogeneic bone chips (n = 4). A PEEK cage was implanted into a bony defect (5 mm) within the left femoral mid-shaft, and stability was maintained by an external fixator. Ten-week-old female Wistar rats were used for all transplantation procedures. Among the several bone marker genes examined, SPG-178 significantly increased the mRNA levels for ALP, BMP-2 and Osteocalcin, OPN, BSP and for the Osterix. To analyze gene expression, total RNA was isolated from MC3T3-E1 cells cultured for 7 and 14 days with control medium or SPG-178 medium. MC3T3-E1 cells were used to evaluate osteoblast differentiation promoted by SPG-178. In this study, we found that injection of SPG-178 leads to expression of several bone marker genes and mineralization in vitro, and revealed a significantly higher degree of newly formed bone matrix with use of SPG-178 in vivo. In an aging society, recovery from these procedures is often difficult. Spinal fusion and bone defect after injuries, removal of bone tumors, and infections need to be repaired by implantation.